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Sains Malaysiana 54(11)(2025): 2605-2615
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5411-03
Penjanaan Semula dan Kedinamikan
Pembentukan Luang Kanopi Hutan Paya Bakau
(Regeneration and Dynamics of Canopy Gaps
Formation of Mangrove Swamp Forest)
WAN NORILANI WAN ISMAIL1,*, AHMAD FITRI
ZOHARI2, WAN JULIANA WAN AHMAD3
1Penang
Botanic Gardens, Kompleks Pentadbiran, Bangunan Pavilion, 10350 Georgetown,
Penang, Malaysia
2Jabatan
Sains Biologi dan Bioteknologi, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti
Kebangsaaan Malaysia, 43000 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
3Senior Associate Fellow Institute of Climate Change Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, Administrative Office, Level 2 and 3, Research Complex Building, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Received: 22 October 2024/Accepted: 9 October 2025
Abstrak
Dinamik
penjanaan semula hutan bermula daripada pembentukan luang kanopi dengan
menyediakan persekitaran yang sesuai bagi pertumbuhan di dalam kawasan luang
itu. Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk memahami peranan luang kanopi dalam
penjanaan semula jadi hutan paya bakau melalui penentuan saiz dan kekerapan
luang mengikut kawasan dan tahun serta penganggaran kadar penjanaan semula
luang kanopi dan hutan. Hasilnya dapat memberi garis panduan terhadap
pengurusan hutan paya bakau yang lebih baik. Penyelidikan ini telah dijalankan
di luang kanopi yang terhasil secara semula jadi di dalam kompartmen enam Hutan
Simpan Sungai Kisap, Pulau Langkawi. Empat siri imej satelit (tahun 2006, 2010,
2012, 2014) telah dibandingkan bagi mendapatkan saiz dan purata masa antara dua
kemunculan luang kanopi di dalam empat buah plot kajian dan digunakan dalam
penganggaran kadar penutupan luang kanopi. Peta dan Nilai Indeks Vegetasi iaitu Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) juga diperoleh untuk
menganggar keluasan litupan tumbuhan di seluruh kawasan kajian. Sejumlah 17
luang direkodkan di dalam plot kajian dengan julat purata saiz luang 40-183 m2 dan kekerapannya pula bertambah mengikut tahun. Purata kadar penjanaan semula
luang berada dalam julat 55-150 m2 tahun-1, manakala,
penjanaan semula kanopi hutan menunjukkan purata julat yang amat besar, iaitu
432-5921 tahun, namun stabil kerana tempoh yang diambil semakin berkurang
mengikut masa. Kawasan dengan litupan tumbuhan pula berkurang secara signifikan
daripada tahun 2010 ke 2013 sebanyak 40.7% disebabkan oleh pembangunan di
kawasan sekitarnya (gangguan antropogen). Kadar penjanaan semula hutan ini adalah
tidak tekal disebabkan pembentukan luang dengan kekerapan yang berbeza pada
kawasan dan waktu yang berbeza. Walaupun pembentukan luang kanopi adalah faktor
penting untuk kedinamikan, namun ia akan menjejaskan proses penjanaan semula
jadi dalam keadaan berlebihan. Jadi, gangguan perlu diuruskan dengan baik supaya proses penjanaan
semula kanopi hutan sentiasa berada di tahap optimum.
Kata
kunci: Hutan paya bakau; luang kanopi; NDVI; penjanaan semula hutan; Pulau
Langkawi
Abstract
The dynamics of forest regeneration starts from the formation of canopy
gaps by providing a suitable environment for growth within the gap. This study
aims to understand the role of canopy gaps in the natural regeneration of
mangrove swamp forests by determining the size and frequency of gaps according
to area and year, as well as estimating the regeneration rate of canopy gaps
and forests. Thus, providing guidelines for better mangrove swamp forest
management. This study was conducted in naturally occurring canopy gaps in
compartment six of Sungai Kisap Forest Reserve, Pulau Langkawi. Four series of
satellite images (year 2006, 2010, 2012, 2014) were compared to obtain the size
and average time between the two occurrences of canopy gaps in the four study plots,
and used in estimating the rate of canopy gap closure. Maps and values of
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were also obtained to estimate
the vegetation coverage area throughout the study area. A total of 17 gaps were
recorded in the study plots with an average gap size range of 40-183 m2 and their frequency increased by year. The average rate of canopy regeneration
is in the range of 55-150 m2 year-1, while the
regeneration of the forest canopy shows a very large average range of 432-5921
years, but it is stable as the period taken is decreasing with time. The area
with vegetation cover decreased significantly from 2010 to 2013 by 40.7% due to
development in the surrounding area (anthropogenic disturbance). The
regeneration rate of this forest is inconsistent due to the formation of gaps
with varying frequency in different areas and times. Although the formation of
canopy space is an important factor for dynamism, it will affect the natural
regeneration process in excess. Therefore, disturbances need to be managed so
that the regeneration process of the forest canopy is always at an optimal
level.
Keywords:
Canopy gap; forest regeneration; mangrove forest; NDVI; Pulau Langkawi
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*Corresponding
author; email: wan_elani@yahoo.com
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